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Flutes made out of animal bones were used in Europe in the Paleolithic era. These ancient instruments can be considered the flute ancestors. It was not until the Renaissance period that the prototype of the modern flute emerged and came into wide use.

The term "flute" was originally applied both to pipe instruments held sideways and pipe instruments held vertically. Thus, the vertically held recorder was also called a "flute." Indeed, up until around the middle of the 18th century (the era of Baroque music), the word "flute" was commonly used to describe the recorder. To distinguish the transverse flute from the recorder, it was referred to in Italian as the flauto traverso, in German as the Querflöte, and in French as the flûte traversière-all of which mean "sideways held flute."